One of the most often asked questions in the contemporary world is 'What is the meaning of science and technology?' Man is innovative in nature. The ability of man to create and change the shape of that which he has created is what sets him apart from other organisms. Science is the approach to study that emphasized the use of empirical evidence to come up with new ideas. As one of the branches of knowledge, it sets out to find out more on the nature of the physical world. Through practical analysis of phenomena, scientists have come up with solutions to many problems that have plagued mankind for many years.

The first step in scientific undertaking is coming up with a problem. Once a problem has been identified, there has to be dependent and independent variables that guide the researcher in formulating a hypothesis that will help him to come up with the most accurate results. A hypothesis is a tentative statement assumes that one of the two possible outcomes will happen. The researcher can choose to adopt any of the possible outcomes as his hypothesis. This is the foundation that led to the discovery of cures for many diseases that initially used to kill millions annually such as malaria.

The scientific approach to research is responsible for development of technology. Technology is the ability for man to make tasks easier to perform through a highly sets of scientific applications which build on interrelatedness of many basic principles. Machines are synonymously used with the concept of technology. Yet the contemporary use of the word presumes things like computers and mobile phones. It is true that technology these days must be viewed in terms of the changes brought into the existing communication systems through the computer. The electronics industry has grown a lot within a short span of time. Science has contributed largely to this since it is through continued research that new machines are being unveiled.

When trying to answer the question 'What is the meaning of science and technology?' we have to view science as the study of the natural world while technology has to be viewed as the study of how to manipulate the natural world in order to suit man. This relationship is best understood through Science and Technologies Studies (STS). Being a scientific discipline, this study highlights the relationship between these two areas of study and how they affect the cultural, scientific, political and social set-up of world's communities. The amount of information that is coming out of scientific enquiries is overwhelming. It is surprising how universities have succeeded in harmonizing the large body of research data that comes from research institutions fro around the world.

To differentiate between scientific enquiries from the artistic ones, there is need to look into the nature of truth. Science has no room for that which is taken to be true or false on the power of belief. This is the best way in which we can answer the question 'What is the meaning of science and technology?' There has to be a way of verifying the truth or falsity of any phenomenon. This is called the verification principle. There must be truth conditions which in practical terms are variables. If a statement cannot be proven to true or false, it is without sense and is not good for science and technology.



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The days of the past are nothing like what we have with us now. Thanks to bright minds from our history, from Albert Einstein to Thomas Edison with his gift of electricity, the world has taken a whole new shape and use of advanced systems and technology are slowly becoming an ordinary and accepted part of life.

The most advanced systems have been geared towards making man more social and this has seen the growth of the mobile phone from a simple calling device to a gadget with GPS capability. Its wireless capabilities have been one of the greatest gifts technology has to offer and it has become a necessity in the 21st century. This coupled with internet access has simplified life in a whole new way and one does not have to go to the office to conduct business. Not now that video conferences have taken over and sped up the rate of business transactions. Two people who are continents apart can meet up over the internet, trade or engage in some money making programs, all from the comfort of their homes.

Man's curiosity has exceeded expectations from the preceding centuries, and demand for more advanced systems and technology has risen. In matters of travel, getting from point A to B is no longer a matter worth losing sleep over. World class planes that offer Internet access to five star treatments and if the trend is anything to go by there is really no saying how far technology will take us. Speed has been an area of interest and this has seen the development of electric trains that to cars that besides making speeds close to those of sounds have been designed with built in maps to guide from one place to another.

In the pursuit to increase his knowledge on the functioning of body systems, man has employed advanced systems and technology to figure out, among others, the genetic composition of the human beings. From gene mapping to gene manipulating, the limits to how much technology can achieve have been few. Some genetic diseases have been treated and cloning has come into play in these more recent years. Along with these is nanotechnology, manipulating the atom at the molecular level. Thought an uphill task for the scientists, they are hoping to come up with, for instance lighter stronger metal that can replace the alloys in use today.

Merging of man and machine is not so far away as previously thought. This is with the development of a prototype eye that is part man and part machine, and that has signs of success. However all these come at a cost. The environment is on the suffering end for all these technology since most of them are not biodegradable. Source of power is yet another issue since natural resources like wind and sun are underexploited. These not withstanding however, the use of advanced systems and technology have revolutionalised our world and so much more is expected.



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Technology is growing so fast that it becomes difficult to ignore it. Technology is being used in so many applications world wide and as the world becomes a global village due to technology, even students and teachers cannot ignore the its power. The history of using technology in the classroom has come a long way such that it is becoming the most convenient way to learn and teach.

Technological innovations such as the internet have become a major source of information to both teachers and students. There was a time when teachers and students had to go to libraries and other information centers if they wanted to get information on a certain topic which was very tedious and took a lot of time. Now they only have to surf the internet to get the information they want as fast as possible.

If you want to study for a certain course, it is not a must you go into a classroom in order to learn but you can do that through correspondence, thanks to technology. Many colleges are now offering opportunities to learn and receive degrees or diplomas online. There are also new forms of educational opportunities whereby you can receive a live lecture when you are in a different location via telecommunication links.

When handling your projects, you can still communicate with your supervisor who is away for one reason or the other. It is possible since you simply do a part of it and sent to the tutor via email so that he /she corrects it and sends it back in the same way. It is not a must that the two of you be on the same location.

Technology has also made it possible for students to improve their learning capabilities. Students have now been using computers and projectors to present their work in the classroom instead of using the usual blackboards to write on. This history of using technology in the classroom has made it possible for students to improve their technical skills and participation in the learning process. Students do their own research and present it in class and this helps to share ideas.

Technology has also made sure those students who take up technology oriented courses have better learning facilities for their professional experiences. Schools can equip themselves with the necessary facilities because they are now available and affordable. This has helped to produce better individuals into the various industries.

Teachers teaching using computers are more interesting because this creates a fun way of learning for the student as well as the teacher. Technology is more appropriate for teaching subjects that are more practical than theoretical for better understanding.



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Looking to clean up your computer? Follow this computer clean up guide and you'll have a much smoother and more efficient computer:

1. Get rid of unwanted programs: Buy and Install NoAdware, it comes with helpful scanning tools for removing any harmful programs that have accumulated on your computer. NoAdware is one of the leading Adware & Spyware removal software on the market today.

2. Clear space on the computer: Large programs and running processes will tax your computer's runtime. If you have any Norton or Symantec programs installed, you should remove them if computer speed has become unbearable. You can go to your computer's Program Files folder and by right-clicking on folders, see which ones are taking up the most space. This info may also be available from your computer's Uninstall Programs feature (for Windows users, in the Control Panel). You should consider uninstalling large programs or programs which you rarely use. You can also use a program like RamBooster to get rid of old system files that are no longer needed.

3. Defragment the Hard Drive: On Windows computers, the DeFrag and Disk Cleanup are valuable utilities. DeFrag automatically rearranges files on your computer in an attempt to maximize computer run speed.

4. Clean the Fan: Unknown to many computer users, it's not all a matter of software. If your computer uses a fan (check the back of the computer Tower), you are actually recommended to clean it every few months (or at least I was by GeekSquad). Dust inside the tower case can accumulate, and as I personally experienced, can cause the fan to fail, which will mean the Tower overheats and your computer may refuse to start. For a good explanation of how to clean this fan (which involves opening up the Tower and using a cloth and/or compressed air can) you can see E-How's tutorial.

5. Manually Delete Temp Files: For Windows users, you can delete Temp files, Temporary Internet Files, and Cookies by going to C://Windows. You should see folders called Temp or Temporary Internet Files, and by going to the Profiles folder, can go to a user's folder and modify the Cookies saved by your computer. Temp and Temporary Internet Files folders house useless files that can accumulate and slow down your computer (particularly on shared computers). A user's Cookies folder holds site-specific files that contain login info or site preferences. However, unwanted Cookies can be harmful files downloaded by sites without your permission to attack your computer and contain Spyware or Adware. You should consider deleting Cookies for sites you do not trust.


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Liquid crystals were discovered in 1888 by an Austrian botanist named Freidrich Renitzer. The phrase liquid crystal was first used by a German physicist named Otto Lehmann. Liquid crystal is a clear organic material made up of long rod shaped molecules. It was discovered that the substance had the ability to manipulate the path of light waves traveling through it. This property is used in the creation of LCD display devices.

The benefit of liquid crystal display devices over CRT based devices is that LCD devices are less bulky and take almost a third less of the volume per equivalent viewing area, than a conventional CRT. This means LCD technology is a useful component for portable devices like laptops, calculators and mobile phones. Another advantage of LCD technology is that its power usage is significantly less than that of a CRT. However, it is much more costly to manufacture an LCD TV than a CRT TV.

An LCD Televisions is a grouping of LCD elements; each of these elements produces a pixel on the screen. An LCD element consists of two major parts: a layer of liquid crystal between two lightly ridged surfaces with their ridges perpendicular to each other and two optical polarizing filters perpendicular to each other.

The long rod shaped molecules in their normal state position themselves with their axis approximately parallel to each other. As the liquid crystal flows over the finely ridged surface it is possible to manage the alignment of the molecules as they track the position of the grooves. A layer of liquid crystal substance is placed in a container with two finely ridged surfaces whose ridges are perpendicular to each other. Therefore the molecules at the two surfaces are aligned perpendicular to each other and those transitional layers are twisted by intermediate angles.

Natural light waves are positioned at random angles and flow along assorted planes from the light source. An optical polarizing filter or polarizer can separate a single plane of light from the group. The filter acts like a net of finely parallel lines blocking all light, apart from light flowing in an area specific to the lines. The light in this state is said to be polarized. A second polarizer whose lines are perpendicular to the first would block all the polarized light.

The container with ridged surfaces is positioned between two perpendicular polarizing filters. Normally light from the first filter would be blocked by the second filter. However, in this case the liquid crystal material located in-between, twists the plane of light by 90 degrees as it passes through the material. The light is now parallel to the second filter and comes out through it to the eye of the viewer. This creates a light pixel.

A battery linked across the liquid crystal container generates a current through the liquid crystal, and changes the direction of its molecules according to the path of the current flow. This disturbs the pattern of the liquid crystal molecules, so that the molecules at the ridged surfaces are no longer turned by 90 degrees. Polarized light through the first filter gets moved to a different angle by the liquid crystal when it reaches the second filter, through which it can no longer appear. An observer on the other side of the filter does not see any light coming out. This process creates a dark pixel.

Images on the LCD Televisions screen can be displayed using a large number of these cells, each operating as a light or dark pixel. Therefore, on the LCD screen each cell corresponds to one pixel. To display color each cell is made up of three sub-cells with filters over them to produce green, red or blue colored light. By controlling the volume of current in each cell, the intensity of the colored light coming from each of the cells can be manipulated. By combing the 3 primary colors of red, blue and green the entire color spectrum is conveyed to the viewer.



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While there have been many innovations in the world of television, the emergence of flat screen LCD TVs is certainly one of the most significant. LCD technology has created lightweight televisions that can be placed virtually anywhere or even hung on the wall. This space saving technology is one of the most significant advances in the history of television, and today's lower prices mean that an LCD TV is within reach for many more TV viewers.

Of course the prices of quality LCD televisions will still vary quite a bit from store to store and brand to brand, so it pays to shop around carefully. Off brand televisions tend to cost a good deal less than name brands like Toshiba and LG, but it is important to make sure those off brands represent good value for the money and not just a lower price. Reliability is a big factor when it comes to LCD TVs, so it is important to read the reviews and look at the reliability ratings before making a decision.

And of course the prices of LCD TVs will tend to rise along with the size of the screen. While a 15" LCD TV can often be had for just a couple hundred dollars, an LCD TV with a 42" or 52" screen can still sell for north of a thousand dollars. With so much money on the line it is definitely important to shop around and be a value conscious consumer. In addition to brand name and size one of the most important factors to consider is the number of pixels on the screen.

The higher the number of pixels the sharper the picture will be and the greater the color depth your eyes will perceive. The increased clarity and color quality is one of the reasons that 1080p LCD TVs, with their higher number of pixels, still tend to cost a great deal more than lower quality 720p sets. It is important for value conscious TV shoppers to consider their needs and choose the television that truly represents the best quality.



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Java script is a very useful thing to have activated in your browser. For having basic content access and a bit of dynamic, Java script is a key element. Here are some simple steps on how to turn on Java script in several browsers. They are easy and very useful. And they work in all browsers and all types of computers, from PC's to MAC's.

For the Internet Explorer you hopefully use 6.0 or higher. The steps are:

1. Select Tools from the menu.
2. Chose Internet Options.
3. Click Security sheet.
4. Click on the Custom Level.
5. Go down until you reach Scripting.
6. Select enable under Active Scripting.
7. Click OK.

For Netscape Navigator is indicated to use 4.7 or higher. The steps are:
1. Select Edit from the menu.
2. Choose Preferences.
3. Choose Advanced.
4. Choose Scripts and Plugins.
5. Validate the Enable Java Script box.
6. Click OK.

For Mozilla Firefox use may use any version. The steps are:

1. Choose Tools.
2. Choose Options.
3. Choose Content.
4. Validate the Enable Java Script box.
5. Click OK.

For Apple Safari you may also use any version. The steps are:

1. Select Safari from the menu.
2. Choose Preferences.
3. Choose Security.
4. Validate the Enable Java Script box.

This is all you have to do to turn on Java script in any browser. No matter what is the browser you are using. You now have it active and ready to be used. Java script is very useful. All the content on the pages you visit will look much better when you have Java script turned on. The content will be adapted to you as a user. Java script can be used to determine the browser you are using, the width and height of your screen. Also it can create small scripts that create dynamic content. Even smaller games can be designed to use only the Java script.


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